Here is a sample xml-document: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE namen SYSTEM “setup/xmp.dtd" [ <!ENTITY example “This is an example"> ]> <root>&example;&xmpl;</root> The file setup/xmp.dtd contains the line: <!ENTITY xmpl "This is an example from a DTD file”> My 1st question, why does this fail for &xmpl;? The &example; is substituted but &xmpl; is not. My 2nd question is why included files do not substitute either of these two entities. Thus in: <root>xml-document-included</root> processed by \xmlprocessfile{}{included-file}{}</root> nor &example; nor &xmpl; is substituted. So, what am I doing wrong here? Hans van der Meer