Hi Pablo,
unfortunately,
this does not work (on my computer with TL2017).
Proper Czech
quotation marks are available via \quotation command:
\mainlanguage[cz]
\quotation{text}
But it is language independent problem, I
did more tests:
neither Czech, nor US, nor Dutch, nor German
quotation marks are hanging.
Without influence is also font (font
family), tested on modern, libertine,
EB Garamond 12 from your
example, times...
No change appeared switching the order of
commands
\definefontfeature and \setupalign.